Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment

Overview of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicates in the liver, causing inflammation and potentially leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer. There are six main strains, with genotype 1 and genotype 3 being the most common in the UK.

Prevalence and Transmission

It is estimated that about 215,000 people in the UK are infected with HCV. The virus can remain dormant for decades. The primary modes of transmission include:

• Illegal injection drug use
• Transfusion or transplant from an infected donor
• During the tattoo process
• Occupational exposure to blood, particularly through needle sticks
• From an infected mother to her unborn baby

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms of HCV can include flu-like symptoms, fatigue, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and nausea. However, symptoms are not always present, and a blood test is required to confirm the virus.

Treatment of Hepatitis C

Treatment for HCV can be successful with medications taken over several weeks. The infection is classified as acute if it resolves within a few months and chronic if it persists.

Medications are typically taken for 8 to 48 weeks, depending on the virus strain. Regular blood tests monitor treatment effectiveness. However, treatment during pregnancy is often delayed due to potential risks to the unborn baby.

Effectiveness of Treatment

The effectiveness of treatment varies based on the virus strain. Genotype 1 historically posed challenges, but recent advancements have improved cure rates. If initial treatment fails, alternative medications or combinations may be prescribed.

Immunity and Re-infection

Successfully clearing the virus with treatment does not confer immunity. Patients remain susceptible to re-infection.